Map in Palawa Kani

The only word recorded for the country at and around the 'Ellerslie' property, about 8km from present-day Cleveland (south of Epping Forest on the Midland Highway). Translated by Robinson as 'Massey's farm' when he passed through it in January 1834 with his guides including Karnebutcher/ Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes. In 1829, Massey's farm 'Ellerslie' extended for more than 4000 acres (1619 ha) and sat on the Ben Lomond Rivulet. The word appears with others for places in this area on pages between Robinson's journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

Told to Robinson by Tanaminawayt when travelling along the river from Launceston and out past Low Head, and returning, in February - March 1832. Also present were three northern language speakers - Namplut and Prupilathina from the Emu Bay to Port Sorell tribe, and Multiyalakina (Umarrah) a chief of the North Midland tribes. Parts of kanamaluka also appear in the name of George Town, through which the river flows to the sea. Robinson recorded both words with the names of other places in that area in his 1832 Vocabulary and at the end of his February - July 1832 journal. Of two other words recorded for River Tamar, Robinson translated one as both 'River Tamar' and 'Port Sorell', and the second is a version of a word recorded also for the Mersey River. Because of the ambiguity about their meaning, neither of these words are revived for the River Tamar.

The only name for the bay, recorded by Robinson in his 1830-1831 Vocabulary together with other names for places on the d'Entrecasteaux Channel and on Bruny Island itself, and general vocabulary from the Bruny Island/southeastern language. The list corresponds to the sequence of his journal descriptions of his journey from Bruny Island to Port Davey between January and May 1830, suggesting the words were recorded at the places named or in their vicinity. Accompanying him were Wurati and Trukanini, both of whom shared many words of their Bruny/south eastern language with Robinson.

No original name is recorded for this island. karanutung was recorded for another small island in this same NW Bass Strait area but would not be used again as ranapim is the palawa kani name of that island. So reviving karanutung to replace the offensive English name 'Niggerhead Rock' not only continues our ancestor's practice of adapting words to talk about similar things but also brings back into use an Aboriginal word which otherwise would never be spoken again.

The only name for these lagoons. Told to Robinson as he travelled on the northwest coast from early June 1832; among his Aboriginal guides were Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mount Cameron West. Both were north western language speakers and told him the names of many NW and W places. Robinson's map accompanying the name shows the lagoons' approximate location and Aboriginal community site visits in 2018 established their exact locations.

Told to Robinson as he travelled in this area in 1834 with several captured Aboriginal people from the W/NW language areas.

Told to Robinson when he crossed the river on 31 May 1832, with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area. Recorded also in his 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of three other West Inlet/Deep Creek places in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

The only word recorded for the area in which the town of 'George Town' was established. Told to Robinson by Tanaminawayt when walking with his Aboriginal guides from the Mersey River to Asbestos Hills and Port Sorell and then on to George Town in September 1830; on 1-2 October they travelled by boat up the River Tamar to Launceston. The name appears with the name of Port Dalrymple in his Part 2 Vocabulary of the natives of Northern Tasmania 1830-1831', matching the time period of his journal account of the trip.

A Mount Cameron West word, in the same NW region of the place named. Robinson travelled by boat between Petrel, Perkins and Hunter Islands in July 1830.

The only word recorded for Kangaroo Point, south of Mt. Claude, told to Robinson when camped in the area on the night of 12 July 1834. Aborigines accompanying him included Namplut and Prupilathina, both speakers of the northern languages of this area. The first part of the word is a northern word for ‘kangaroo’. The ending is a word for ‘point of land’, which occurs in several place names for points of land.

It is the only word recorded for ‘the country at [and] about Coxes Bight’. Robinson was told. Wurati of lunawuni/Bruny Island told Robinsonin July 1831 that this was the country of the Nitwuni people and that ‘..that the Needwonne natives –also the Bruny, Pangheiningh and Timequone – went off in catamarans to De Witt Island and different rocks, and speared seal.... Those nations to the southward of the island was a maritime people.’ kripikara is the country at Coxes Bight, extending to New Harbour, and covering the Maatsuyker group of islands, of which De Witt Island is the largest. Another word - ‘tore.rer’ - is recorded for ‘Cox Bight’ with only one variant and no other information provided.

Wurati, a Nununi man from Bruny Island told Robinson this name on 16 January 1831. They were passing the Prosser River and Pittwater on the south east coast and arrived in Hobart Town on the next day. Robinson’s MS Journal for 16 January shows Wurati told him this name at the same time as nipaluna - the country around Hobart, and Muwinina - the tribe of that country. kriwa is the same as the first part of the name for Mount Nelson- kriwalayti. kriwa is in front of the mountain. Both the Nununi and the Muwinina tribe of the Hobart/Sandy Bay area were part of the south east language group.

The first part of kriwalayti is the name for Little Sandy Bay – kriwa, told to Robinson by Wurati, a Nununi man from Bruny Island. Wurati was one of Robinson’s Aboriginal guides on his 1830-31 expedition through the north east. When returning to Hobart in January 1831, Wurati told Robinson other names for places, tribes and people in the south east. Robinson notes kriwalayti as a Bruny language name and it appears in his MS vocabulary with names of places in the area. The last part of this name is a variant of a south eastern word for ‘hill’, ‘mountain’ and ‘peak’ which also appears in at least one other name for a hill or mountain in the south eastern area. Both the Nununi and the Muwinina tribe of the Hobart/Sandy Bay area were part of the south east language group.

The only name recorded for the ‘river at Burleigh between the Forth and Emu [rivers]’. The Leven River is between the Forth and Emu Rivers and ran through the site of the VDL Company settlement at Burleigh in the Surrey Hills. Told to Robinson when he camped here on 24 January 1834; among his guides were the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina, both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St. Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills. On the same day Robinson recorded this name, Prupilathina told him how his tribe had once robbed the VDL hut at Burleigh with the woman warrior Walya.

Three recorders made four records of spellings of this name: two from Robinson in the early 1830s, one from Robinson's clerk Sterling between 1829- 1831, and a later one from Milligan at Wybalenna in the mid 1840s. All four are translated as 'Mt Wellington' and Robinson notes it is a word from Bruny/southern tribes. Wurati from Bruny Island, part of the south eastern language group, accompanied Robinson on almost all his expeditions and told him many words and place names.

The only word recorded for the area described by Robinson as 'the country at the lagoon where the natives encamped' when he and his group were here on 24 December 1833. That information as well as other records from the time which show extensive previous Aboriginal presence indicate that kunawi is the country/wetlands around the original lagoon - today's Lake Leake, and surrounding wetlands. Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes was among his guides; Robinson noted she 'had travelled over this country in every direction'.

The only name recorded specifically for the mountain known to Robinson as Mount Frederick, now called Mount Horror. Manalakina, chief of the people at Ringarooma on the western side of Cape Portland, told Robinson the name; the dates of Robinson’s journal at the back of which he recorded the name coincides with the group’s overnight stay near to the mountain on 16 August 1831. Manalakina accompanied Robinson as one of his main guides throughout Tasmania from August 1831 and told Robinson much language, including many place names in the north east.

The only word recorded for any place at Jericho. It covers the town and country around it, including 'Mr. Pike's farm Jericho' , which is the translation Robinson gave the name. The '-kana' ending of the name occurs also in another word for another place nearby -'ralulingkana' Mangalore Tier.

The name was told to Robinson when the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina accompanied him travelling west from Westbury and the Meander River and arrived at this ‘… clear country possessing extensive open plains … called Native Plains and a favourite place of the natives’ on 8 April 1832. Both were speakers of the northern languages of this area. Namplut told Robinson other northern place names including panatina–Port Sorell, limilinaturi–Aikenhead Point and Mersey Bluff and murita–Point Sorell, which appear with kuparakintula in Robinson’s vocabulary and journal.

Recorded by Joseph Milligan as a name of the Pieman River. Milligan made his recordings two decades later than Robinson, in the incarceration camp of Wybalenna, and not on the country of any places named, and gives no information about who told him the words. Since 1984 'Corinna' has been used as the name of this town located about 18kms from the mouth of the Pieman. Before then the town was called 'Royerine' or 'Royerninne', versions of Robinson's 'Roinenrun'/'Royenrim' (Pieman River); see ruyinrim. kurina is also a word for 'hawk'/'wedgetail eagle'; although endangered, these birds are still found in several areas in lutruwita, including on the west coast and mountains.

The only name for this river. The name includes the Oyster Bay/Big River word layna - 'fresh water' . The Jordan is a freshwater river which runs through the territory of the Oyster Bay tribe and is one of the boundaries between the Oyster Bay and Big River peoples' territories.

Robinson's sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows kuyntarim as the 'Inner Doughboy' by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map.

Tanalipunya from Swanport in the east told the name to Robinson in October 1830 as she and her husband Manalakina, from Ringarooma/Cape Portland travelled through the north east and islands with Robinson. lana is also a northern/northeastern word for 'rock'.

Told to Robinson by Tanganutara 'a native of the layrappenthe country at Mussel Roe' on 11 December 1830, when she and five other Aboriginal women taken from sealers were brought to Robinson's temporary camp on Swan Island. Tanganutara was the mother of Fanny Cochrane Smith. Two other women - Rramanaluna from Cape Portland in the north east, and Tanalipunya from Little Swanport in the east - also told Robinson this name for the river on different occasions; as also did Manalakina, chief of the Ringarooma/Cape Portland territory and husband to Tanalipunya.

Told to Robinson when he arrived at the Macquarie Harbour penal settlement on 28 April 1833. Sarah Island was the larger of the two main prisons there. On that day, Robinson ‘visited the natives on the small island’; these were five tribespeople from the Sandy Cape and Pieman River areas who had been captured with others in February and kept in the prison on the smaller island (Grummet Island). The last part of langarirruni is a variant of a word for ‘island’ which is also seen attached to the names of other islands in the north west and south west.

No words are recorded for the Flowerdale River, the largest tributary system on the Inglis River. larapi is one of three words recorded for 'Inglis River' which have not been revived and so would never be spoken again. Adapting existing words to new meanings in this way is a feature for which much evidence appears in the original languages. It was the practice of our old people to adapt or alter the meaning of their existing words to be able to talk about other things, mostly those newly introduced by Europeans. For example, a word for 'horse' was adapted from a word for' kangaroo'; a word for 'pig' from a word for 'wombat'; words for 'blanket' from words for 'kangaroo skin'. We continue this practice to produce words for new and introduced things, or for something for which there is no word recorded. By doing this, as many words as possible from the original languages can be brought back into spoken use. paythinwutik, told to Robinson at the Inglis River itself, by Aborigines who spoke the language of the area, is the palawa kani word for Inglis River.

The only word for this place, told to Robinson by the women Rramanaluna from Cape Portland in the north east, and Tanalipunya from Little Swanport in the east. larapuna includes Eddystone Point, at the northern tip of the Bay.

This is the only word recorded for 'the long point past Arthur River - between the river and Sandy Cape' as described and sketched by Robinson in 1832.

Namplut of the northern tribe of Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills, told this word to Robinson when camped at the river in July 1834. larila is also the word for platypus; Robinson noted the river is 'so named for the number of platypus found in the river' .

It is the only word recorded for the country about 20 miles E- SE past the north side of the Housetop Hill, where several tribes travelled to collect red ochre and black lead. A word from the northern language spoken in the area from Emu Bay to Port Sorell and inland to Hampshire and Surrey Hills. Told to Robinson when he travelled there with his Aboriginal guides including Namplut of that northern tribe; she said she and her people had built the old huts at the base of Housetop Hill.

The only name recorded for the bluff, and told to Robinson by Multiyalakina (more commonly known to colonists as Umarrah) in late 1831. Most often associated with the Port Dalrymple area but also with the Stoney Creek people (of Longford/Liffey River area), Multiyalakina was a prominent warrior who led a fighting band of survivors from several of the north midlands and north east tribes in fierce hostilities against settlers. He said this was the name used by the Tayarinutipana, one of the three tribes in the Campbell town area whom he knew well, as he 'had been with these people for some time..' On 11 December 1831, Robinson 'Crossed the Penny Royal Creek and continued my way along the foot of the tier as far west as Quamby', where they camped that night, with Multiyalakina among his group of guides.

The only word recorded for the 'creek south of Mr. Hill'. Lieutenant Samuel Hill's land grant from c1824 on the south bank of the Elizabeth River east of Campbell Town is today's Quorn Hall. Pinnacles Creek runs out of the Elizabeth River slightly south east of Quorn Hall. On 11 December 1833 Robinson wrote in his journal that he 'Saw Lieutenant Hill� Encamped for the night on the banks of the river near Campbell Town.' The next day his group, including his guide Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the tribes of the Campbell Town and Ross area, 'Proceeded to ascend the tier by the path that runs past Mr. Hills farm Met Mr Hill who invited me to dine..'. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

The only word unambiguously recorded for the North Esk River. Robinson also recorded a word 'moor.ron.noe' as the 'North Esk at Mr. Thos Reibys'; however, his journal entries show he was mistaken about that identification -he describes travelling on 15 January 1834 from Launceston to Thomas Reiby's property (Entally House, Hadspen) which is on the South Esk River; he also names other places, all in the vicinity of the South Esk, not the North Esk. laykila appears with other words in the same area in his October 1833 - 15 January 1834 journal endpages.

The only word for this cataract, told to Robinson as he travelled from the Mole Creek area, towards Middlesex Plains in January 1834. He wrote it twice in his journal for that period, with the names of other places in this northern area passed by Robinson on this journey. Aborigines from this country were accompanying Robinson as guides and told him many northern language names of places. They were the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina, both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St. Valentines Peak through the Hampshire and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell.

Told to Robinson at the river itself on 1 June 1832; his group of Aboriginal guides included Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area, who told Robinson most of the place names in the NW. Recorded also in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of eight other places along this route in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal. The name 'Duck River' was later given to the place by Europeans. laykunu has no association with any words for 'duck' in any of the original languages.

The only name recorded for the bay, recorded by Milligan at Wybalenna, with no information about the circumstances of its recording or its Aboriginal speaker.

Told to Robinson by an unknown speaker in the Emu Bay area in early 1832. At other times he was told two other words both meaning Emu River and also Emu Bay. laylawina is unambiguously only the name of the river. None of these words have any similarity to any words recorded for 'emu' from any of the original languages. rraykana is the palawa kani word for 'emu'.

The only name recorded for 'the rocky pt[point] N of the Piemans River the south end of the sandy beach' by Robinson in 1833. His 1833 journal accounts of occasions when he heard other words in this western region show he was hearing them from Aborigines from Port Davey, Macquarie Harbour, Birches Rocks, Point Hibbs and at least 5 people from Pieman River itself, including Wyne, chief of the Pieman River tribe.

The only word recorded for this river at nungu/West Point. Robinson's translations as 'the river at West Point where the shepherd's hut is' and '..the shepherd's hut is called by the whites Southdown hut ' help identify Cuffys Creek, a large waterway which runs through South Downs, a plain 4 km east of nungu. Robinson camped near the hut and river in February 1834 with his Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mount Cameron West. Both were north western language speakers and Tanaminawayt told him the names of many NW and W places. The name of the hut, and later the plain, derive from the Southdown breed of sheep brought to NW Tasmania by the Van Diemens Land Company in 1826.

A Circular Head language word, translated by Robinson as 'the Circular Head River', but no river is now called this, and no rivers flow along or through the Circular Head Promontory. Robinson's journal account of passing the 'Circular Head Inlet' [West Inlet] from the west to reach Circular Head itself in July 1830 helps identify the 'Circular Head River' as Ghost Creek; this large creek runs into the West Inlet on the western side of the promontory. He may have been told the word when crossing this waterway on 9 July 1830 with his Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt, Pintawtawa and Nikaminik, men from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head.

Told to Robinson with other words for places in its immediate vicinity on 10 May 1832 when he and his group camped at Sisters Creek with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. On this day Robinson noted in his journal that he 'Obtained from the natives the names of the different places'. The name appears with those other names in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

The only word recorded for the country at Musselroe and told to Robinson by Tanganutara 'a native of the layrappenthe country at Mussel Roe' on 11 December 1830, when she and five other Aboriginal women taken from sealers were brought to Robinson's temporary camp on Swan Island. Tanganutara was the mother of Fanny Cochrane Smith.

Robinson gives no translation for this word but the sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows it is Woolnorth Point by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map. Robinson travelled through the north west and west in 1830, and again from February 1832 until November 1833, with many tribespeople of those regions.

The only word recorded for Sandy Bay Point. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Browns River and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Wurati travelled with Robinson as a guide from 1829 onwards and told him many words of language, including place names.

Robinson's sketch map of 15 June 1832 and his journal entry for that day identify this location where he and his group camped that night inland from Calm Bay : 'about four miles from Mt Cameron and two miles from the hut at Studland Bay'.

The only word for ‘the point on the west side of the Mersey River’ recorded by Robinson when he and his group of Aboriginal guides ‘reached the River Mersey and halted on the west side’ on 10 April 1832. It is from the northern language of the Pirinilaplu tribe, spoken in the country which the point sits. Namplut and Prupilathina, northern language speakers were present at the time this word was told to Robinson, both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St. Valentines Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell. Namplut told Robinson other place names in the north including panatina–Port Sorell and murita–Point Sorell, which both appear with limilinaturi in Robinson’s vocabulary and journal pages.

Of two words recorded for Tomahawk River, only lingtinga is translated unambiguously for the river. The word is related to the name of a tribe at the Boobyalla River as well as names of other places in the area. It was told to Robinson by Manalakina, chief of the people at Ringarooma on the western side of Cape Portland, when travelling with Robinson around the river in August and September 1831.

Robinson passed this little river on 17 June 1832 walking south from Mt Cameron West to taypalaka/Green Point. The Aboriginal guides with him included Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mt Cameron West, who both told him many place names. Robinson's descriptions and his sketch map of 18 June 1832 showing the position of the river assisted Aboriginal community site visits 186 years later to identify the location of this place and other places on the west coast.

The only word recorded for this place. Told to Robinson on 14 January 1831 when he arrived at the river; he was walking down the east coast with guides including Tikati and Kikatapula, both from Little Swanport, and from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe, in whose country the river runs. He described it as 'is a fine river, but it is barred at the entrance. At this bar the natives had their crossing place. The native roadThe native road or markenner is about a mile on the opposite side through a valley.'

The only word recorded for Lake St. Clair, by Joseph Milligan. It is related to lulanya (Lake Echo), another place word from the same area. Both of these words are from a language of the Big River people, in whose country both lakes lie. Both names are related to other words recorded for ‘lake’ and ‘lagoon’.

The only word recorded for the Campbell Town Tier. The first part of pantupina also occurs in pantukina - 'country around Campbell Town' and pantukina layapinta - 'Elizabeth River. On 29 December 1833 Robinson and his group, including his guide Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the tribes of the Campbell Town and Ross area, 'Came to the front of the Campbell Town tier�', and on 1 January 1834 'From the top of the Campbell Town tier had a splendid view of the surrounding country'. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

Told to Robinson when passed the river on 21 December 1831 the river as the name used '.. by the Lairmairrener natives..'., one of the bands of the Oyster Bay tribe; the river is within the territory of the Oyster Bay people. His guides included Kikatapula, from an Oyster Bay band. The word minanya is an Oyster Bay language word for 'river' and occurs on several other eastern words for rivers.

Woolertoopinneya of the Big River tribe told Robinson the name twice as they travelled on this road through Big River country in December 1831: '..The trees were barked at different situations along the track; this Woolertoopinneya said was the markomemenyer..' . and a few days later '..The road I have travelled is what the natives travel and is called by the woman of the Big River tribe lukeetter markomemenyer..'

The only word recorded for this hill, translated in January 1834 by Robinson as ‘the hill to the north of Mr Butlers farm to which place they conveyed the flour they stole from Mr(s?) Casker’ . Butler’s farm ‘The Retreat’ is located on the first land granted in the Westbury district in 1825. The first recorded wheat crop was grown on the property. Stockman Paddy McCaskell was employed on the property; his wife and daughter were killed by tribesmen in February 1831. The Aboriginal woman Namplut had earlier told Robinson that the Big River tribe made this attack, and the chief Muntipiliyata and his son stole the flour and took it to the hill. The hill immediately north of ‘The Retreat’ is Stephens Hill.

Recorded by Milligan at Wybalenna and the only name recorded for the island. The 1802 Baudin expedition noted that Lachlan Island acted as a stopping place for Aborigines on the voyage between Maria Island and the mainland; and the island showed evidence of a great deal of use, with the remains of many fires.

Robinson noted 'Lake Echo is called by the Big River tribe low.lun.yer' in his journal entry for 8 November 1831, when he travelled round the north end of the lake and camped nearby with his Aboriginal guides including Woolaytopinneyer, a Big River woman and wife to Multiyalakina (Umarah); she told Robinson many names of places as they travelled through this Big River country.

Told to Robinson by the women Rramanaluna from Cape Portland in the north east, and Tanalipunya from Little Swanport in the east, who was wife of Manalakina, chief of the Ringarooma/Cape Portland territory. When Robinson was there with them in October 1830, he described this as 'name of the country belonging to the trawwoolway nation and extends along the coast from big Muscle row to Cape Portland and as far back as the Hills were[sic] I found Mannelergenne'. lumaranatana extends from the eastern side of Cape Portland down the coastline through both Little and Big Musselroe Bays, and inland from Ansons Bay & Policeman's Point to the junction of Big Boggy Creek & Anson's River.

Robinson gives no translation for this word but the sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows it is Davisons Bay by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map. Robinson travelled through the north west and west in 1830, and from February 1832 until November 1833, with many tribespeople of those regions.

Robinson made three records of this name, translating them as ‘the name of the grassy country to the westward of Mr Gardeners farm’ in his MS journal and Vocabulary for February – July 1832. He visited Gardiner’s farm in 8 April 1832, with northern language speakers Namplut and Prupilathina. John Babcock Gardiner’s 1829 grant of 850 acres ‘Bentley’ lay on the ‘Lobster River’ at Western River (now called Meander River). Nearby Mole Creek, in what was originally the Western Marshes, is about 8ks west of Bentley, and is an area of ‘grassy country’, consisting of plains without trees.

The only name for the island, recorded by Robinson in his 1830-1831 Vocabulary together with names for places on the d'Entrecasteaux Channel and on Bruny Island itself, and general vocabulary from the Bruny Island/southeastern language. The list corresponds to the sequence of his journal descriptions of his journey from Bruny Island to Port Davey between January and May 1830, suggesting the words were recorded at the places named or in their vicinity. Accompanying him were Wurati and Trukanini, both of whom shared many words of their Bruny/south eastern language with Robinson. Milligan also recorded the name at Wybalenna much later.

The only word for the island, told to Robinson by Tanalipunya from Little Swanport on the east coast. She was one of the many women and young girls who had been captured by sealers, and had lived among the islands with them before being taken by Robinson. She and her husband Manalakina travelled among the islands with Robinson from 1830 and both told him names of other islands and places.

The only name for these lagoons, translated by Robinson as 'the lagoons at tayrim'. Told to Robinson as he travelled on the northwest coast in June 1832, camping one night at lunituk; among his Aboriginal guides were Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mount Cameron West. Both were north western language speakers and Tanaminawayt told him the names of many NW and W places. Robinson's map accompanying the name shows the lagoons' approximate location and Aboriginal community site visits in 2018 established their exact locations.

The only word recorded for the country around the property 'Camelford', on Elizabeth River east of Campbell Town; this was the farm of Henry Jellicoe when Robinson passed near to it in late December 1833 - early January 1834 with Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the tribes of the Campbell Town and Ross area as one of his guides. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

The only word recorded for this place. Told to Robinson on 15 January 1831 when he arrived at the plain; he was walking down the east coast with guides including Tikati and Kikatapula, both from Little Swanport, and from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe, in whose country the plains lie. Robinson also notes that the word tikaluna is the 'name for a plain..'.

Robinson recorded lutruwita as the 'name of great Island of VDLand' (Tasmania), a Bruny/southern language word. Wurati from Bruny Island accompanied Robinson on almost all his expeditions, and told him many words. Robinson set up his first settlement for Aborigines on Bruny Island in 1829 for about nine months, and travelled many times between there and mainland Tasmania – ‘the great island’ - with Aborigines, including Wurati.

Tanaminawayt of Cape Grim told Robinson this name on the same day that six Aboriginal women told him of the 1828 massacre and other atrocities at Cape Grim. Tanaminawayt had spent the previous week with those 6 women. This is where Aboriginal men, women and children were forced into the sea and killed by Van Diemens Land Company shepherds in February 1828, and since named 'Suicide Bay'.

Robinson translated the word as ‘Peak Barren at Capt Robson’s Farm’ on one of ten pages inserted between his journal entries for 15 January 1834. Among Robinson’s guides during this period were Namplut and Prupilathina, both northern language speakers. The closest and most prominent peak at Spring Lawn, in todays Narawntapu National Park, is Archers Knob where Captain Robson lived for a time. Other names in the same northern area share the same beginning of the word.

The only word recorded for ‘country west of the Huon River and north of Arthurs Ranges’, told to Robinson by Trukanini. She was from the south eastern/Bruny tribes who knew the languages of the south west, and was among 12 Aboriginal people accompanying Robinson on his 1830 expedition to the southwestern tribes. Robinson made two records of the word in his 1830-31 vocabulary and journal entry for 8 November 1830. luwuntumita encompasses Arthur Plains, Crossing Plains and Rookery Plain, adjacent to the Southwest National Park to the SW and is bordered by the Huon Basin and Lake Pedder to the east and north. Trukanini also told Robinson names of other places in this area including taluna – Huon River, and luynikami - Western Arthur Range + Eastern Arthur Range (Arthur Mountains).

Described by Robinson as 'a small rocky point a short distance east of Mr Reeves house' and told to him when visiting the VDL Company settlement at Woolnorth in June 1832 with Tanaminawayt of the Robbins Island/Cape Grim tribe of that area.

The only word for 'point or country between Table Cape and Cave Boat Harbour.' Cave Boat Harbour, known from the 1830s as Jacobs Boat Harbour, is now called Boat Harbour. The word was told to Robinson in the area - at Sisters Creek on 10 May 1832 when Robinson wrote in his journal that he 'Obtained from the natives the names of the different places'. With him were Tanaminawayt who spoke one of 3 - 4 (or more) regional languages which overlapped each other along the extent of the NW and SW coasts; Namplut and Prupilathina from the Pirinilaplu, who spoke the northern language of the Emu Bay to Port Sorell and inland to the Surrey Hills areas.

Waterfall in Punchbowl Reserve, Launceston. No original name is known. Over 120 Aborigines attended discussions on possible names statewide in 2016. The name chosen refers to the waterfall which only falls after heavy rain (literally - 'rock raining' - as the palawa kani word order is reverse of English).

The only name recorded for ‘Arthur Mountains’ today known as the Western Arthur Range and the Eastern Arthur Range, in the Huon Valley. Robinson made 3 records of the name in his 1830-1831 vocabulary and journal. Among the 12 Aboriginal people accompanying him on his 1830 expedition to the southwestern tribes between January - October 1830. were Trukanini, Pakali, Wurati and his two sons, and Pakali, all from the south eastern/Bruny tribes who knew the languages of the south west. Robinson ‘Consider[ed] it of material importance that the natives of Brune should accompany me on my expedition...as they were conversant with the dialect of this district.’ (GA Robinson 30 January 1830). Trukanini also told Robinson names of other places in this area including taluna – Huon River, and luwuntumita – the country west of the Huon and north of the Arthur Ranges.

Translated by Robinson as luyntim as 'the second point after leaving Mount Cameron'. Robinson travelled through this place in June 1832 with guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mt Cameron West, who both told him a number of place names; and by mid July when he wrote the name in the front of his journal, he had captured Panapuk, a nungu/West Point man and Wymurrick, chief of the tribes north of the Arthur River. Robinson could have been told the name by any of these speakers of the 3 or 4 or more regional languages which overlapped each other along the NW and SW coasts.

The only word recorded for the country at Ross, including Ross Bridge. Recorded by Robinson who passed back and forth through Ross and past the bridge several times in December 1833 and January 1834; accompanied by Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from the tribe of this area among his guides. The word is written on the same journal page as names of tribes, people, and other places within the area.

The only name was recorded for this place by Charles Robinson in his 1837 ‘Port Sorell aboriginal vocabulary’ and translated as ‘Western Plain’; the area was also known as The Western Marshes. This extensive area, described by Robinson in September 1830 as ‘…thousands of acres of land with scarcely a tree upon it. There is excellent feed for cattle.’ is now the suburb or locality of Mole Creek. This word appears on the same manuscript page as other names in the same area, including ‘pe.ang.gi.lare’- the word for Circular Ponds (piyangkili in palawa kani) and ‘why.lin.un.dick.a.lar’ – Cradle Mountain (wulinantikala).

Robinson gives no translation for this word but the sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows it is Davisons Point by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map. Robinson travelled through the north west and west in 1830, and from February 1832 until November 1833, with many tribespeople of those regions.

Told to Robinson on 8 January 1831 when Robinson was walking down the east coast; his guides included Tikati and Kikatapula, both from Little Swanport, and from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe, in whose country the island sits. The word contains part of the name of the people of the island.

Robinson's translation as '1 1/2 mile N of the end of the long sandy beach where I got the whale bone.' matches the location of Trial Harbour which is on the northern end of Ocean Beach, a very long sandy beach. This area is well documented for whale strandings. The name appears on Robinson's manuscript list of 'names of places on the West Coast north of Maquarie Harbour Head' at the back of his 1833 journal; Robinson travelled that stretch of the west coast with Aborigines from Port Davey, Macquarie Harbour, Birches Rocks, Point Hibbs and the Pieman River in July-August 1833

Told to Robinson on 25 July 1830 when he reached this river with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt, Pintawtawa and Nikaminik, men from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The '-tranga' ending is also seen in other place words within the Circular Head area.

The only word recorded for Kellys Point. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Little Sandy Bay Point and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Both Wurati and Trukanini, a Nununi woman, were both with Robinson on Bruny Island in early 1834 when he made two other records of this name, one told to him by Trukanini.

Told this name to Robinson in 1831 by Tanaminawayt of Circular Head/Robbins island, and again in 1832 by Panapuk of nungu/West Point.

The only recording for Lake Youl, the largest of the single bodies of water on the summit of Ben Lomond, as described by its recorder Joseph Milligan.

The only name recorded for an expanse of country around Macquarie Harbour which includes or is bordered by ‘the big hill at the end of the north beach’. Robinson was in that area from April 1833, with tribespeople of the south western country around Macquarie Harbour whom he had captured and to whom he attributed his records of this name. The people were kept in the gaol with the convicts at Macquarie Harbour. 13 of 52 of those south western people died there, including Leelinger, who told Robinson one of the records of this name.

Described by Robinson as a hill 'inland about a mile up the stream feeding the waterfall to the south of the highlands at Studland Bay', which he called 'Table Hill'. This is today's Flat topped Bluff. He camped at the top of this hill in July 1832 with Tanaminawayt and Penderoin of the Robbins Island/Cape Grim tribe, and Wymurick, chief of the tribes on the NW side of Arthur River, and several other captured Aborigines from the W and NW tribes. Robinson recorded the name again in 1834, when at the place again with Penderoin and others. The NW language area extended from Table Cape to Circular Head (Stanley), to Cape Grim/Robbins Island and down the west coast to around Macquarie Harbour; people in these areas spoke either the same or similar dialects, understood each other clearly and shared much vocabulary.

Robinson noted this is a word from Circular Head/Robbins Island/Cape Grim language, and he recorded it in September 1830 when travelling with Tanaminawayt and other people from those areas. The later recorder Milligan also recorded it at Wybalenna in the mid to late 1840s.

The only word recorded for this place, told to Robinson when he camped there in late June 1832 with Panapuk, a nungu/West Point man, who spoke the northwestern language of this area. Robinson's map accompanying the name shows the campsite's approximate location and Aboriginal community site visits in 2018 established the location.

The only word recorded for the 'bush around the third river' (Sisters Creek) between the coast and plains, told to Robinson when he and his group camped the night in this place on 25 July 1830. On the same day he was also told the name mayntranga (Detention River), and on the 26th the names of nearby pinmatik (Rocky Cape) and tuynplinuk (Table Cape). Tanaminawayt, Pintawtawa, and Nikaminik, men from the neighbouring Cape Grim/Robbins Island area, were among his group of Aboriginal guides. The north western language area extended from Table Cape to Circular Head (Stanley), to Cape Grim/Robbins Island and down the west coast to around Macquarie Harbour: people in these areas spoke either the same or similar dialects, understood each other clearly and shared much vocabulary. Sisters Creek (and the bush around it), between Stanley and Table Cape, is within the north west language area.

The only recorded word for the 'first point NW of the Arthur River', told to Robinson by either or both Nulawulik from Mt Cameron West and Tanaminawayt of Cape Grim/Robbins Island when they were at this place in June 1832.

Told to Robinson by Robbins Island/Cape Grim people and Pirapi people of West Point and the coastal area northwards, as he travelled through W/NW in 1830 and again in 1832.

The only name for Penguin Island, now Islet. Laratung and two other west coast tribes people went to the island in October 1832 in Robinson's boat to collect a supply of penguins. Robinson recorded the name at this time.

One of two words for ‘the name of the long point on the west side of Port Sorell’, both told to Robinson at the same time in April 1832 by Namplut of the Pirinilaplu; she was a speaker of the northern language of the area in which the Point Sorell sits. The second word (‘lue-pine-her’) is also recorded elsewhere to mean the locality of Westbury (‘lue-bin-er’), so murita is revived for Port Sorell. Namplut told Robinson other words in the north including panatina - Port Sorell and limilinaturi - Aikenhead Point; these both appear with murita in Robinson’s vocabulary and journal.

Recorded by Robinson in his 1830-31 Vocabulary; he notes that it was a Bruny language word. This is in the country of the Oyster Bay people

Shared by Nikaminik with Robinson on 4 August 1830. See natji. It has no similarity to any words recorded for 'emu' from any of the original languages. rraykana is the palawa kani word for 'emu'.

The only word recorded for the country at and around the property 'Somercotes', south of Ross Bridge. This was the farm of Captain Horton when Robinson passed near to it in late 1833 - early January 1834 with Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes among his guides. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834. The word contains the name wipina - Ellinthorpe Hall, west of Ross.

The only word for this place, recorded among other ‘Words of the Oyster Bay Tribe of Tasmanian Aborigines obtained by Thomas Scott, Assistant Surveyor General in September 1821 when surveying the coast from Prosser Plains northwards’. Tooms River runs from Macquarie River into the lake. This is in the territory of the Oyster Bay tribes. In 1828, eighteen huts were seen at Toom’s Lake and one of the roving parties had pursued a group that ‘slept near the head of the Macquarie River about two miles from the Eastern or Toome’s Lake’ (Constable Danver).

The cave opposite the Doughboys, near to where the natives were shot (the Cape Grim massacre), possibly told to Robinson by Tanaminawayt of Cape Grim/Robbins Island, at the same time as luwuka ('Suicide Bay'). In June 1830, Robinson describes travelling to a steep cliff opposite the Doughboys and a large cave further round the rocks which the people had often used for shelter. Penderoin of the west coast tribes told Robinson of an earlier occasion he had witnessed when white men had hidden in the cave to capture Aboriginal women; that was in about 1820.

In 1832, Nulawulik, a Mt Cameron West woman, travelled with Robinson to the albatross rookery on this island. The name is a Mount Cameron/Cape Grim word. rruni - 'island' appears in the names of eight other islands, mostly in the W/NW.

The only name for this small river between Bluff Hill Point and Australia Point, near the Arthur River; and the only name recorded for any landscape feature within or near the Kings Run property which was handed back to the Aboriginal community in 2017.

The only word recorded for ‘Clarence Plains,’ recorded by Milligan in the late 1840s. ‘Clarence Plains’ was the European name of the entire eastern shore of the Derwent River from the early 1800s until the area was proclaimed ‘Rokeby’ in 1866. naniyilipata applies to the country through which the ‘Clarence Plains Rivulet’ runs - today’s Cambridge, Clarendon Vale, Rokeby and Mount Rumney.

The only word recorded in the area of land extending from the eastern side of Port Sorell across to the western side of the Tamar River, and almost as far inland as the Meander River. Robinson translates it as two adjacent points of land 'of the asbestos mountains on the sea coast' - Badger Head and West Head - both within the boundaries of today's Bakers Beach/Asbestos Range Park. The name appears with other names in the area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal, matching the sequence of Robinson's account of his February-March 1832 sailing trips along the Tamar and past George Town Head and West Head.

told to George Augustus Robinson by Nikaminik, at Emu Bay in August 1830. It's also part of the names of Emu Bay and St Valentines Peak - both rocky and hilly features in the same northern language area. Nikaminik was from the Cape Grim/Robbins Island/ Circular Head language group - the Piriliyuyna; they knew the language of their northern neighbours at Round Hill and Emu Bay, the Pirinilaplu. People in the north and NW areas spoke the same or similar dialects, understood each other clearly and shared much vocabulary. Nikaminik had spent time at the VDL Company at Circular Head but escaped from them, and then joined the resistance group led by the female warrior Walya, of the Pirinilaplu.

Told to Robinson by Namplut, one of his Aboriginal guides, as they travelled from the VDL settlement at Hampshire Hills through to near Housetop Hill and then back to Hampshire Hills in April 1832. One of the records of natanu appears below the name of the Hampshire Hills, in Robinson’s MS journal for this period, and another record appears with the names of Housetop Hill and other places in this same area. All these names were told to him by Namplut. She was from one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentines Peak through the Hampshire and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell; and she spoke the language of those areas. Joseph Milligan was the VDL’s surgeon, and he met Robinson and his guides and treated the sick Aborigines among them during that stay at Hampshire Hills between April and May 1832. He later recorded this same name in his 1857 Vocabulary.

Robinson gives no translation for this word but the sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows it is the highland behind Davisons Bay by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map. Robinson travelled through the north west and west in 1830, and from February 1832 until November 1833, with many tribespeople of those regions.

Told to Robinson as he travelled in the far NW and islands between July and October 1832, by Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Mt Cameron West people.

The only word recorded for 'the west point of Perkins Island', as described by Robinson. From 1 to 3 June 1832 he and his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area, travelled along the edge of Robbins Passage to its west end. From here, Perkins Island and its western point are visible. Recorded in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of eight other places along this route in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

Robinson's description as 'the large hill past the 3 rivers' and his journal accounts of 24 to 26 July 1830 of passing the Black and Detention Rivers, and then Sisters Creek, arriving at 'a point of rock called the Two Sugarloaves and the Cave Boat Harbour' enable the identification of naypun. The Two Sisters is a large hill located about 2km east of Sisters Creek and a short distance from the beach to the west of 'Cave Boat Harbour', now known as Boat Harbour. naypun is a word for 'hill', 'big hill'. Robinson notes it is a Cape Grim/Robbins Island language word. Tanaminawayt, Pintawtawa, and Nikaminik, men from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area were among his group of Aboriginal guides.

The name known by the Aboriginal people of the south east for this country. The town came later, in 1804, and it was well established within nipaluna by the time that Wurati first told the name and its meaning 'country at Hobart Town' to Robinson as they approached the area on 16 January 1831.

Travelling with Aborigines from this south western area, Robinson reached here on 16 April 1830, when he wrote in his journal 'Proceeded on our journey and reached the long sandy beach before you come to Point Hibbs, niblin is the name of Point Hibbs'. This is the only recorded name for this point.

The only word for this point, told to Robinson when travelling west along the coast between Detention River and Circular Head; he passed this place on 12 May 1832 with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The name appears with others in the same area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal. The last part of niriparika was recorded a decade later by Milligan for 'tract on the coast between Detention River and Circular Head' - parika. A 'tract' is a region or area of indefinite, especially large, extent; what Aborigines call 'country'. niriparika is within this area of land called parika.

Panapuk, a man from the tribe at this place, shared this name with Robinson on two different occasions in July 1832, when between Bluff Hill Point and the Arthur River, slightly south of nungu.

The only word recorded for the Western Tier, today known as the Great Western Tiers. Namplut who spoke the northern language of bands between Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills told Robinson this word as she led him through the country around the Tiers in July 1834. She said nupawula is also the name of a woman 'that was taken up to the clouds and where she afterwards remained and danced'. The Great Western Tiers form the boundary between the country of the North Midlands, Northern and Midlands tribes.

The only word recorded for the inlet, told to Robinson when he forded it on 15 May 1832 with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The name also appears with others in the same area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

This is the only word recorded for the 'point to the west side of Duck Bay between it and Perkins Island', which is the location of Griffiths Point. Recorded also in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of eight other places along this route in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

Recorded first in about 1827 by Jorgenson who accompanied VDL surveyors through the north and north west. Then told to Robinson by both Namplut from the northern tribe of the Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills areas, during Robinson's February-March 1832 boat trip along the Tamar and past George Town Head and West Head. Recorded also by convict servant McGeary who was present for most of Robinson's 1832 expedition.

Robinson camped here overnight on 17 June 1832, with his Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mt Cameron West, who both told him many place names. Robinson's descriptions and his sketch map of 18 June 1832 showing the position of the campsite assisted Aboriginal community site visits 186 years later to identify the location of this place and other places on the west coast.

pantukina The first part of pantukina also occurs in lukakina pantupina - Campbell Town Tier and pantukina layapinta - Elizabeth River, which runs through Campbell Town. Robinson and his group, including his guide Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the tribes of the Campbell Town and Ross area, ‘Encamped for the night on the banks of the river near Campbell Town’ on 11 December 1833. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

The only word recorded for the Elizabeth River. pantukina is also the name of 'country around Campbell Town' (through which the river runs). Robinson and his group, including his guide Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the tribes of the Campbell Town and Ross area, 'Encamped for the night on the banks of the river near Campbell Town' on 11 December 1833 and again on 29 December. This location was a frequently used camping spot for the local tribes. Robinson wrote on the 29th: 'Came to the front of the Campbell Town tier, halted and sent in quest of water. Karnebunger who was a native of the district soon returned and informed me that she had found water at the distance of half a mile. �. Proceeded on and encamped on the bank of Elizabeth Creek. Karnebutcher said at this place the natives made sallies out upon the settlement at Campbell Town'. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

Of the two words recorded for Macquarie Harbour, this is recorded for Macquarie Harbour alone. The other word ‘meeberlee’ is recorded by GA Robinson to also mean ‘Port Davey River’. paralunɡatik has the ‘k’ ending characteristic of many words from the western languages, and seen also in timkarik ‘country north of Macquarie Harbour including Strahan’

The only word for this high rocky point on the west side of Sisters Creek and near to it, as described by Robinson, when he camped at Sisters Creek overnight on 9 May 1832 and wrote in his journal the next day that he 'Obtained from the natives the names of the different places'. The Aboriginal guides with him included Tanaminawayt from Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The name appears with several others in the immediate vicinity in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

The only word for this stretch of land. It was told to Milligan at Wybalenna in the mid 1840s. It is part of niriparika, another word for a place in this area, recorded in 1832 at the place by Robinson.

The only word recorded for 'the point at the East inlet on the west side of the Black River where the natives hunted kangaroo' - the long point jutting out from the coast at Circular Head between Sawyers Bay and East Inlet, unnamed on modern maps. Black River Beach stretches the length of its eastern side. Told to Robinson when he arrived at the place on 14 May 1832 with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The name appears with others in the same area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

Described by Robinson in his undated Vocabulary as 'name of the passage at Perkins Island' ; he recorded the second word - pilukatika - on its own also, translated as as 'the North East entrance to Duck Bay'. The entrance to Duck Bay, between Kingston and Eagle Points, is the eastern end of Perkins Channel. Robinson gives no context for the recording of the name but he may have been told it when travelling around the Perkins Channel and Island and recording other names in the area in June 1832.

The only word recorded for 'the north-west point of Emu Bay called Blackmans Point by the whites'; the town of Burnie now spreads out around this point. Most likely told to Robinson by Nikaminik, who told him the name of Emu Bay on the same day in August 1830.

Prupilathina told Robinson this name by while they were in sight of the mountain on 12 June 1834. Robinson wrote in his journal entry for that day that ‘The youth said his father marked the trees here’. The father of Prupilathina was a chief of the Surrey Hills people. Prupilathina travelled throughout these areas as a guide to Robinson in 1834, and told Robinson the names of many places, hills and mountains. He was from one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards past the Mersey River to Port Sorell. Robinson also noted on that day that ‘the [natives] say that Mt Pearce which is large is the mother and that Mt Bischof is the daughter’.

The only word recorded for this place, translated by Robinson as ‘Walkers Boat Harbour between Table Cape & Rocky Cape’; now known as Walkers Cove. Robinson and his Aboriginal guides camped here the night of 31 January 1834, including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik, a woman of Mt Cameron West, both from this NW language region; and Namplut who spoke the northern language of bands in the Emu Bay to Port Sorell area. patinka appears with several names of other places in this area on the same back page of Robinson’s 1834 journal for this period. Nulawulik and Namplut are both named on this page as having told Robinson some of those other names.

Told to Robinson by Namplut, one of his Aboriginal guides, as they travelled from the VDL settlement at Hampshire Hills through to near Housetop Hill and then back to Hampshire Hills in April 1832. At the same time she also told him the name Natunu - St. Valentines Peak, in the same area. Namplut was from the Pirinilaplu, one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentines Peak through the Hampshire and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell; and she spoke the language of those areas. Two other recorders made records of this name from people at Wybalenna some years later.

No other words are recorded for 'the point at Cave Boat Harbour' (now known as Boat Harbour). Told to Robinson with other words for places in its immediate vicinity on 10 May 1832 when he and his group camped at Sisters Creek, about 5kms west of the point, with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. On this day Robinson noted in his journal that he 'Obtained from the natives the names of the different places'. The name appears with those other names in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

The only word recorded for the country at and around 'Quorn Hall', on Elizabeth River east of Campbell Town. This was the farm of Samuel Hill when Robinson camped nearby on the banks of the Elizabeth River in December 1833 with his group including Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes. The next day they 'Proceeded to ascend the tier by the path that runs past Mr. Hills farm..'. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

The only word recorded for this place. Robinson translates it as 'the rock[y] point north end of the sandy beach [that extends north from Sandy Cape]' and recorded the name when he was at the place in on 4 September 1833.

Robinson notes it is a Robbins Island word, told to him on 24 July 1830 when camping at the river with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt, Pintawtawa and Nikaminik, men from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. They crossed the 'exceedingly rapid; overflowing' river the next day. The start of the word 'payta-', is common in words to other rivers and waterways in the NW area, and the '-rung' ending means 'fast', 'swift'.

Told to Robinson in February 1834 as he halted there while travelling between Cape Grim and Mt Cameron West with his Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt and Penderoin from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, and Nulawulik of Mt Cameron West.

Told to Robinson at the Inglis River on 27 July 1830, from the Cape Grim/Robbins Island/Circular Head dialects of the north western languages. His guide Tanaminawayt was with him, and Nikaminik and Linenerrinneker were captured on this day at this place; all three young men were from Cape Grim/Robbins Island.

The only word recorded for the most prominent point of land closest to George Town. Told to Robinson by Tanaminawayt when travelling along the river from Launceston and out past Low Head, and later returning past the Head again, in February - March 1832. Also present were two northern language speakers - Namplut from the Emu Bay to Port Sorell tribe, and Multiyalakina (Umarrah) a chief of the North Midland tribes. On this trip Tanaminawayt also told Robinson the name of the River Tamar; the two names appear with names of other places in that area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary of Northern Tasmania and at the end of his February - July 1832 journal.

Told to Robinson as he travelled the NW region, visiting Cape Grim and Robbins Island itself in the mid 1830s. See pilri.

The earliest recordings of any name for this place, from Jorgen Jorgenson who had contact with Aborigines in the W and NW when working for the Van Diemens Land Company from 1827; and also from Joseph McGeary, a convict servant travelling with Robinson through the W and NW in 1830. It shares the same start to the word as pilitika, name of the nearby Robbins Island, and Piriliyuyna the tribe at Robbins Island. Cape Grim and Robbins Island people spoke the same language and occupied the same territory.

Robinsons' seven recordings of this word, all made in early June 1832, show it covers a stretch of country between Kemps Bay and Griffiths Point and encompassing Lees Point and Fentons Creek. It was told to him twice on I June 1832 when he camped within this country with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area. Recorded also in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of eight other places along this route in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

Pintawtawa, Tanaminawayt and Nikaminik of Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Narrucker from Greens Point told Robinson this name in 1830 at Sister's Creek, a few miles south of the Cape.

This is the only word recorded for Browns River. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Little Sandy Bay Point and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Wurati travelled with Robinson as a guide from 1829 onwards and told him many words of language, including place names.

Told to Robinson in June 1832 as he forded the flooded river 'up to our breast' with several Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt of the Robbins Island/Cape Grim tribe and Nulawulik of Mt Cameron West, both languages spoken in this place.

The only word recorded for this 'river flowing into Robbins Passage' as Robinson translated it in his journal on 3 July 1832 when he forded it with several Aborigines including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area; and also described in his Vocabulary as the 'river before coming to the River pareherboke' (Harcus River) when travelling from east to west along the coast at Robbins Passage.

A word from the northern language spoken in the Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills areas, first told to Robinson when he crossed the river in May 1832 with Namplut and Prupilathina from that tribe; and again in 1834 by Namplut.

The only word recorded for the area around where 'the white men make hut in the East inlet (river) 6 miles up' and most likely told to Robinson when he forded the inlet on 15 May 1832 with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The hut was probably made by employees of the VDL company which was based at Circular Head on the western side of the East Inlet. The name appears with others in the same area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

The only name was recorded for this place by Charles Robinson in his 1837 ‘Port Sorell aboriginal vocabulary’ and translated as ‘Circular Pond Marsh’.

The only word recorded for this 'pass', or country . Told to Robinson when he camped there on 19 October 1831 by Multiyalakina (Umarrah), a prominent warrior who led a fighting band of survivors from several of the north midlands and north east tribes in fierce hostilities against settlers through the Midlands and along the eastern side of the Tamar River. Around this 'pass' Robinson noted were 'numerous places where the natives had procured and had been splitting stones for the purpose of sharpening their spears�'

Risdon Cove place name decided by Aboriginal Community at the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre's Annual General Meeting 2015. Meaning 'little native hens', which are numerous there.

Although incorrectly identified by Robinson as 'the North Esk at Mr. Aikins', his journal entries for that period in January 1834 clearly describe places on the South, not North Esk (Epping Forest, 'Massey's farm'). Another word in the same area translated by Robinson as 'the hill to the eastward of Mr. Aikins farm' has the same start and end - pliyamulalamila.

The only word recorded for 'the hill to the eastward of Mr Aikins farm', as translated by Robinson; from this and entries in his journal, it is possible to identify the hill as Massey Hill. His journal for 2 + 3 January 1834 describes riding '..out to Mr. Aitkin's on the South Esk..'; crossing the river a mile on and passing through Massey's farm and others as he travelled to the Nile River. Aitkin's farm was at today's Glen Esk. The word has the same start and end as plipatumila - the South Esk.

Was recorded by Milligan at Wybalenna; not recorded on country and no speaker named. 'Preminghana' is an English spelling, used by Aborigines and the public since 1990s.

The only word recorded for Birchs Bay. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Little Sandy Bay Point and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Wurati travelled with Robinson as a guide from 1829 onwards and told him many words of language, including place names.

The only name recorded for Little Forester River told to Robinson by Manalakina, chief of the people at Ringarooma on the western side of Cape Portland. Manalakina accompanied Robinson as one of his main guides throughout Tasmania from August 1831 and told Robinson much language, including many place names in the north east. Manalakina was among the Aborigines travelling with Robinson as his guides during visits to this area in 1831. The dates of Robinson’s journal at the back of which he recorded the name coincides with the group’s presence at the river in August and September 1831.

Manalakina, chief of the people at Ringarooma on the western side of Cape Portland, told Robinson the name when they ‘arrived at the rugged mountain’ on 13 August 1831. Manalakina accompanied Robinson as one of his main guides throughout Tasmania from August 1831 and told Robinson much language, including many place names in the north east.

The only word for this place, translated as 'Oyster Cove' by Robinson. All Robinson's recordings of Tasmanian language were made before 1839; he then left Tasmania for Port Phillip (Victoria) and was not present at the Oyster Cove Aboriginal Settlement which was set up in 1847. So putalina did not refer to the Oyster Cove Settlement but to the cove itself.

Kikatapula from Oyster Bay told the word to Robinson. It has the same beginning as both the name for Kelvedon Hills - 'the hills behind Oyster Bay' - puthimunatiya, and a recording for the name of Kikatapula's nation.

The only word recorded for this area in the country of the Oyster Bay people, by Milligan at Wybalenna who translates the word only as 'high land behind Oyster Bay'. puthimunatiya is revived for the 'Klevedon Hills' very near to the coast at Oyster Bay and for any associated high land behind (Great) Oyster Bay. The Kelvedon Hills (166 metres high) lie behind Kelvedon Beach, near truyilina Lagoon Kelvedon Lagoon.

Recorded by Milligan at Wybalenna as 'range of hills between Bagdad and Dromedary', this is the only name recorded for any hills in this area. The '-kana' ending of the name occurs also in another word for another place nearby - 'kunyaliwikana' 'the country around Jericho'.

The name is from the Mt Cameron West area in the same NW region, and was told to Robinson during his travels there in the early 1830s. The two islands comprising The Doughboys each have individual names: see kuyntarim and ranapim.

Robinson's sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows ranapim as the Outer Doughboy by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map. ranapim is also the first part of name ranapim taynamun , the name of the point opposite 'Victory Hill', near the Doughboys.

Robinson gives no translation for this word but the sketch map in his 1832 manuscript Vocabulary clearly shows it is the point opposite 'Victory Hill' by its position in relation to Trefoil Island - which is named on the map. ranapim is also recorded on its own for 'Outer Doughboy Island', which is very close to this point; and 'tayna-' occurs at the start of another word for another cliff nearby, also a cliff - taynayuwa, where the Cape Grim massacre took place. Robinson travelled through the north west and west in 1830, and from February 1832 until November 1833, with many tribespeople of those regions.

The only name for this creek '2 mile up Elizabeth Creek east of Mr Keetches' recorded by Robinson when he passed Henry Keach's farm in January 1834, with Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes among his guides. The last part of the word occurs also in plipatumila -the South Esk River, another north Midlands waterway. Both words appear with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

Robinson crossed this small river running out of a lagoon NW of Mt Cameron (West) on 16 June 1832, and on the same day 'In conversation with the natives; learnt the native names of the places.' Aboriginal guides with Robinson included Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik of Mt Cameron West, both of whom told Robinson many place names in the NW/W. The NW language area extended from Table Cape to Circular Head (Stanley), to Cape Grim/Robbins Island and down the west coast to around Macquarie Harbour; people in these areas spoke either the same or similar dialects, understood each other clearly and shared much vocabulary. Just over 186 years later, on 20 June 2018, a small group of Aborigines used Robinson's estimated distance of between 1/2 - 3/4 mile NW of the mountain, and walked 1.6 kilometres north from Preminghana mountain along Mt Cameron Beach beach. At this point they found a small waterway running from a lagoon behind the dunes down to the ocean. So both the lagoon and the (small ) river running from it are still at that location. It had rained on the day that Robinson and his Aboriginal guides crossed riwa so the 'river' would have been larger than it was in June 2018.

The only word recorded for the bay, told to Robinson when he stopped for the night here on I June 1832 with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area. Recorded also in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of eight other places along this route in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

Recorded both for 'the point of West Inlet' and 'the long point on the North side of Duck Bay entrance', showing this word applies to points at either end of Anthony Beach - and so includes the beach itself. On 31 May 1832 Robinson travelled along the coast opposite to 'the point of West Inlet' and crossed Deep Creek; then on 1 June crossed Duck River, with the 'long point on the North side of Duck Bay entrance' visible across Duck Bay. With him were his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area. Recorded in his 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of three other West Inlet/Deep Creek places in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

The only word recorded for Tinderbox Bay. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Little Sandy Bay Point and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Wurati travelled with Robinson as a guide from 1829 onwards and told him many words of language, including place names.

Told to Robinson on arriving there in June 1832 with his Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt and Penderoin from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, and Nulawulik of Mt Cameron West; and again when fording the river in February 1834, with Penderoin of the Robbins Island/Cape Grim tribe and others; the word is from one of those NW languages. The '-trik' ending of the word appears at the end of several other words recorded for geographical features, predominantly rivers, in the W/NW.

Two women of the north east told Robinson this was the name of (Big) Pipers River. One was Plorenernoopperner (“Fanny’), a woman from Pipers River, speaking in the language of that place. The second was ‘Bung’, from Big Mussel Roe; she is Watamutiya, the mother of Dolly Dalrymple, and matriarch of many families in the Aboriginal community today. Both women forded Pipers River with Robinson in September 1831. His manuscripts show both records of the name were made at that time, and names for ’Little Pipers River’, ’small point at Little Piper River’ and other north eastern place names also appear on the same page. So the name was recorded at or near the river.

The only name for the island, told to Robinson by Cape Grim/Robbins Island language speakers in July 1832 as he travelled there by boat. Robinson had noted in his journal on 21 September 1830 that Robbins Island and Cape Grim people shared the same language.

Recorded by Robinson as he travelled through the country of the northwestern tribes in late 1832 and 1833, and translated as 'name of the country where Wyne belongs to at the Pieman River.' His 1833 journal accounts of occasions when he heard other words in this western region show he was hearing them from Aborigines from Port Davey, Macquarie Harbour, Birches Rocks, Point Hibbs and at least five people from Pieman River itself, including Wyne himself, the chief of the Pieman River tribe.

The only name for this place, told to Robinson in July 1832 by Nulawulik, a Mt Cameron West woman, and by Penderoin, a Cape Grim/Robbins Island man in 1833. Also the name of the tribe who occupied territory between Sandy Cape and the Pieman River.

The only word recorded for Racecourse Plain. Told to Robinson by Prupilathina when in this inland Surrey hills region in June 1834. Prupilathina travelled as a guide with Robinson in 1834, and told Robinson the names of many places, hills and mountains in this area. He was from one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards past the Mersey River to Port Sorell. His father was a chief of the Surrey Hills people. Robinson’s translations and descriptions of both the plain and Mt. Pearse, show they are connected. One recording of takila , translated as ‘Mount Pearse’ is followed by a northern word for hill – ‘nanalini’.

The only word recorded for Mount Pearse, told to Robinson by Prupilathina who travelled throughout these areas as a guide to Robinson in 1834, and told Robinson the names of many places, hills and mountains. He was from one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards past the Mersey River to Port Sorell. His father was a chief of the Surrey Hills people. The name takila nanalini is made up of takila - the name of the nearby Racecourse Plain, followed by nanalini - a northern language word for ‘hill’. Robinson wrote in his journal on 12 June 1834 that ‘the [natives] say that Mt Pearce which is large is the mother and that Mt Bischof is the daughter’.

Told to Robinson when walking with his Aboriginal guides from the Mersey River to Asbestos Hills and Port Sorell and then on to George Town in September 1830; on 1-2 October they travelled by boat up the River Tamar to Launceston. On this trip Tanaminawayt told Robinson the name of the adjacent 'George Town' - kinimathatakinta; and on another visit in 1832, he told him the name of 'George Town Point' - pilawaytakinta (Low Head) . Both those words contain the word takina.

It is the only word recorded for the Huon River. Two of Robinson’s three records of the name were told to him by Trukanini, from the south eastern/Bruny tribes who knew the languages of the south west. She was among 12 Aboriginal people accompanying Robinson on his expedition to the southwestern tribes in 1830. On the start of this expedition, Robinson’s boat anchored off the Huon River on 30 and 31 January 1830. Two other records of the name were made over a decade later by recorder Milligan, at Wybalenna. Trukanini also told Robinson names of other places in this area including luwuntumita – the country west of the Huon and north of the Arthur Ranges, and luynikami - Western Arthur Range + Eastern Arthur Range (Arthur Mountains).

Told to Robinson by Manalakina, chief of the people at Ringarooma on the western side of Cape Portland, and his daughter Watamutiya. Manalakina accompanied Robinson as one of his main guides throughout Tasmania from August 1831 and told Robinson much language, including many place names in the north east. The dates of Robinson’s journal at the back of which he recorded this name coincides with the group’s presence at Waterhouse Point in September 1831. Variants of the word paynta ‘point of land’ occur in other place names for points of land in the north east area.

This is only name recorded for Mount Roland. Robinson made several records of it in his journal between may and August 1834 as he travelled around the mountains near the Mersey River. Among the Aboriginal guides accompanying him were Namplut (Numbloote; Jenny) and Prupilathina (Probelattener/Jemmie/Lacklay), both from one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell. Both were Robinson’s main informants of words and place names from northern languages, and Namplut told him one variants of this name. On many occasions Robinson was very confused about those mountains and frequently incorrectly identified Mount Roland as either Vandyke or Claude Mountains but later corrected himself to identify tarinimari as Mount Roland in 9 of his 12 recordings of the name.

Told to Robinson by the man Prupilathina when they were opposite the hill on 12 June 1834. Robinson translated the word as ‘small hill’ ‘close to the [Mersey] River’, and ‘due south’ from it. Prupilathina was from one of the northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards past the Mersey River to Port Sorell. He travelled throughout these areas as a guide to Robinson in 1834, and told Robinson the names of many places, hills and mountains in this area. Also travelling with Robinson as a guide on this expedition was the woman Namplut, also from one of those northern tribes.

Told to Robinson by Tanalipunya from Little Swanport on the east coast. It is related to Tayarilu, the name for Aboriginal women who had been captured by sealers to live with them among the Bass Strait islands; Tanalipunya had been one of these. The words tayaritja and Tayarilu appear together in Robinson’s manuscript journal in September 1831. He had just returned from his October 1830 – October 1831 expedition to the Bass Strait islands to compel the sealers to give up the captured Aboriginal women. Tanalipunya and her husband Manalakina had travelled with Robinson as guides on the expedition, and both told him names of other islands and places.

There is no other name for this place - the location of the Cape Grim massacre, the cliff where the people were killed. Robinson notes it is a word from the Robbins Island/Cape Grim language; it was probably told to him by Tanaminawayt of that tribe with luwuka and nakali in June 1830.

Narruker, a woman from this place, and Pintawtawa from Robbins Island, told Robinson this name in July 1830, at the Welcome River in the NW. In 1832, Panapuk, a man from West Point, told it again to Robinson at the Arthur River.

The only word recorded for this bay and sandy beach. Told to Robinson as he travelled on the northwest coast in June 1832; among his Aboriginal guides were Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mount Cameron West. Both were north western language speakers and Tanaminawayt told him the names of many NW and W places. Robinson's map and descriptions accompanying his recordings of the name enable the place to be identified as today's Mawson Bay.

The only name recorded for this mountain, and told to Robinson by Multiyalakina (more commonly known to colonists as Umarrah) in late 1831. Most often associated with the Port Dalrymple area but also with the Stoney Creek people (of Longford/Liffey River area), Multiyalakina was a prominent warrior who led a fighting band of survivors from several of the north midlands and north east tribes in fierce hostilities against settlers. He said this was the name used by the Tayarinutipana, one of the three tribes in the Campbell town area whom he knew well, as he 'had been with these people for some time..' Robinson's journal describes walking on '..the usual track of the natives..' and '.arriving near to Drys Bluff..' in the evening of 10 December 1831, with Multiyalakina among his group of guides.

The only word recorded for the West Inlet at Circular Head, told to Robinson at the place on both his 1830 and 1832 visits; he noted it was a Cape Grim/Robbins Island language word. In July 1830 Robinson and his Aboriginal guides passed the inlet when travelling travelled east from Robbins Island to Circular Head; and again in May 1832 when travelling west from Emu Bay to Circular Head. Aborigines who spoke the language of the area were present both times, including Tanaminawayt, Pintawtawa and Nikaminik, all from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head. The NW language area extended from Table Cape to Circular Head (Stanley), to Cape Grim/Robbins Island and down the west coast to around Macquarie Harbour; people in these areas spoke either the same or similar dialects, understood each other clearly and shared much vocabulary.

The only name recorded for the ‘river at Carrick’, told to Robinson when he and his Aboriginal guides stopped at Carrick the night of 15 January 1834. The town of Carrick is on the Liffey River. The Liffey Valley through which the river runs lies at the foothills of the Great Western Tiers which form the boundary between the country of the North Midlands, North and Midlands tribes. The plains around the entrance to the valley along the river were important pathways for travel and subsistence for the three tribes. When travelling around the foothills of the Tiers from the Poatina area to the Liffey Valley on 11 December 1831 Robinson’s Aboriginal guides told him that ‘this was the way that the natives go’.

The only word for this river. Robinson camped at pangamuna near this river and boat harbour on 17 June 1832, with his Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik from Mt Cameron West, who both told him many place names. Robinson’s descriptions and his sketch map of 18 June 1832 showing the position of the river assisted Aboriginal community site visits 186 years later to identify the location of this river and other places on the west coast.

The only word recorded for the conical hill of limestone rock between Mole Creek and the Mersey River, described by Robinson in his journal on 15 July 1834. The name was told to Robinson that day, as he travelled with the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina along the banks of the Mersey River. Both were speakers of the northern languages of this area. Robinson wrote in his journal entry ‘opossums build their nests in the holes and crevices about the cliff – hence it takes its name – Tem.met.ter – Lungar – Opposum [sic] rocks. Tem.met.ter being the word for oppusum and lungar for rocks – the black opposum’.

The only word recorded for Gads Hill only. The hill sits on the eastern side of the Black Bluff Range range, slightly SE of Lorinna. Robinson was told the name at the Vale of Belvoir, also on the eastern side of the Black Bluff Range, when he and his group camped there overnight on 23 January 1834. His Aboriginal guides included the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina, both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell. Both spoke the language of those areas. Both Namplut and Prupilathina told Robinson on other occasions that timita (‘tem.met.ter)’ is a word for ‘possum’.

Milligan translated the only recording of the word to mean the ‘district north of Macquarie Harbour’. This area includes Strahan and the country towards Lyell and Queenstown. The word has the ‘k’ ending characteristic of many words from the original western languages.

Recorded by Milligan at Wybalenna; minanya is also the palawa kani word for 'river' and occurs on several words recorded for rivers located mostly in the Big River and Oyster Bay peoples' territories. The river starts in the mountains near Lake St Clair, runs through the territory of the Big River people till New Norfolk where it turns into an estuary, and from there through the country of the Mumirimina of the Oyster Bay people (on the eastern side of the river) and the Muwinina of the South East people (on the western side of the river), and enters the sea at Hobart.

'Victory Hill' was so called by Van Diemens Land Company workers celebrating the killings of Aborigines who threatened shepherds who had tried to entice women into a hut somewhere near this hill. Descriptions of the location of this hut, at which at least six Aborigines were killed, place it about one kilometre to the northeast of Victory Hill. Surveyors Hellyer and Wedge charted a hut in that location in 1828. There are no words recorded for 'Victory Hill' itself. Robinson was told timuk was the name for the place where he camped on 19 February 1834, at Spring Hut, about a mile and a half from the coast opposite the Doughboys. His journal describes that this hut had a tanning pit and sheep washing tank, so was clearly a shepherd's hut. That shepherds hut had been built in clear line of sight of an Aboriginal village, of which at least ten hut depressions still remain (a little under 1km directly SW of the hut foundations, roughly 1km due N of 'Victory Hill'). timuk is revived for 'Victory Hill' because this is the closest location to Victory Hill for which there is an original recorded word; and where a hut had been.

The only word recorded for the river, told to Robinson on 21 October 1831 when he 'Halted at the Macquarie River..' Among his group of Aboriginal guides was Multiyalakina, a chief of North Midlands tribes who spoke the language of this area; he had told Robinson another place name on the previous day, and Robinson recorded more place names while travelling with Multiyalakina through his country.

The only word recorded for the most prominent 'point between Duck Bay and Duck River'. Robinson and his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area, passed this point on 1 June 1832, the day on which Robinson recorded in his journal the names of Duck River, Duck Bay and country between Kemps Bay and Griffiths Point. The word also appears in his 1832 Vocabulary alongside 'lykoneno - Duck River'; and also with the names of eight other places along Robinson's route around Duck River and Bay in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal. The name 'Pelican Point' was later given to the place by Europeans. tintara has no association with any words for 'pelican' in any of the original languages.

The only word recorded for the 'hill opposite Capt. Hortons at Ross Bridge'. Horton's farm 'Somercotes' was a large grant from 1823, south of Ross Bridge. Three conjoined small hills sit directly opposite the site of the original buildings of the Somercotes property - Tomb Hill, Horton Hill and College Hill. As this single recording of the name does not have enough information to determine which of the three hills might be meant, the name is revived for the group of the three hill. Robinson passed Horton's farm in late 1833 - early January 1834 with Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes among his guides. This word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

The only word recorded for 'the long point at the west side of the inlet to Pittwater River'. Robinson noted it is an Oyster Bay language word; the place is within the territory of the Oyster Bay people. The narrow stretch of water between Sorell and Midway Point was named Pittwater in the early 1800. The whole district was named Pittwater until 1821 when the settlement there was named after Governor Sorell.

The only word recorded for this place, by Robinson in 1831 and again by Milligan over a decade later at Wybalenna. Robinson noted this is an Oyster Bay language word; this place is in the country of the Oyster Bay people. Words for other places, names of people and tribes appear on the same pages of the manuscript as this word. Many of these Robinson attributed to 'OYB' and they correspond with his travels through the country of the Oyster Bay tribes, down the east coast through Prosser Plains, Pittwater and other places on his way to Hobart in mid-January 1831. His guides included Tikati and Kikatapula, both from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe. One recording has '-markomemenmer' (makuminya in palawa kani)- a word for 'native road' - attached at the end. Eagle Hawk Neck connects the Forestier Peninsula to the Tasman Peninsula and was the pathway for the Oyster Bay tribe's seasonal movements through those areas.

A Macquarie Harbour/Robbins Island word, first recorded in 1819, meaning a type of seagull or seabird. All western/northwestern languages were closely related. Robinson crossed West Hunter to the Petrel Islands by boat in June 1830.

The only word specifically recorded as ‘the little island at Macquarie Harbour’. Told to Robinson when he arrived at the Macquarie Harbour penal settlement on 28 April 1833. and ‘visited the natives on the small island’. These were five tribespeople from the Sandy Cape and Pieman River areas who had been captured with others in February and kept in the prison on Grummet Island. The last part of titikalangrruni is a variant of a word for ‘island’ which is also seen attached to the names of other islands in the north west and south west.

Robbins Island/Cape Grim tribespeople told Robinson this name on different occasions in 1830 and 1832. The only name recorded for the island.

On 15 July 1834 Robinson and his Aboriginal guides walked along the northern side of the Mersey River to their evening camp at ’a plain of open forest half of a mile in width...about two miles below wyelatter or Moleside Creek’ and ’but a short distance from the mine of red ochre’. This spot was at or near to a point ’..and on the banks of the river, the banks are thirty feet high’ . ‘This spot is called by the natives tee.you.lung.gar.pine.ne.’ The women told him this was where they always camped on their way to the ochre mine at tulampanga. His guides included the woman Namplut, who spoke the northern language of this area. This place on the northern side of the river is the closest place to the cliffs for which a name is known. Robinson recorded another name to refer to a location on the southern banks of the Mersey River - timita langka/Possum Rocks.

literally 'Big River Country tracks'. Renaming of 'Gowan Brae' property, Central Highlands, returned to the Aboriginal community in May 2013. No original name for this place is known. Community suggestions were made over some months, and the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre's 2014 AGM voted to adopt this name.

Triabunna is one of only a few places in Tasmania still bearing its original name, although in an anglicised form. Told to Robinson when he visited the area in 1831 with local Aborigines who said it referred to country around Triabunna and Spring Bay. His guides included Tikati and Kikatapula, both from neighbouring Little Swanport, and from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe, in whose country trayapana sits. The name does not mean 'native hen'.

The two recordings from Robinson describe this place as 'the name of the Kangaroo Point' and 'the point of land the opposite side of Ralphs Bay and opposite South Arm'. The whole area on the eastern shore of the Derwent River was the richest kangaroo ground in the south at the time of settlement, and was part of the country of the Mumirimina, the nation at Kangaroo Point. The first part of the name is a variant of words for 'kangaroo' and the last part is a variant of a word meaning 'point of land'.

Tanalipunya (from Little Swanport in the east) told this word to Robinson twice, to mean 'Cape Barren'. Her husband Manalakina (chief at Ringarooma/Cape Portland in the north east) told Robinson it was the 'Eastern name for the great island of VDLand' and 'VDLand' (Tasmania). truwana is the only word recorded for Cape Barren Island and it is revived for the island. Another word - lutruwita - is recorded solely for 'Van Diemen's land', and so is the best word to revive for 'Tasmania', as there is no ambiguity about its meaning.

The only word recorded for this place 'Troy.he.leen.ner is the small stream opposite Mr Cotton's residence' at Swansea. Told to Robinson on 11 January 1831 when he arrived here; he was walking down the east coast with guides including Tikati and Kikatapula, both from Little Swanport, and from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe, in whose country the creek runs. He was also told the creek marks the boundary between two bands of the Oyster Bay tribe. This creek feeds a small lagoon behind Kelvedon Beach.

A small lagoon behind Kelvedon Beach, fed by truyilina Kelvedon Creek. It appears on maps as both Kelvedon Lagoon and Troyheleener Lagoon. (The name 'Troyheleener Lagoon' was suggested to the Nomenclature Board by Mrs E F (Tilney) Cotton at an unspecified time.) Kelvedon Beach stretches from Dwarf Point to Shelly Point at its southern end, and the Kelvedon hills (166 metres high) lie behind; see puthimunatiya

Of the two words recorded for the Tasman Peninsula, only tukana is translated solely for this place. In October 1830 when Robinson made his first recording of the name he was travelling in the north east with Aboriginal guides including Tanalipunya from Little Swanport on the east coast and Kikatapula, also from an Oyster Bay tribe. In both his recordings of the name Robinson noted the Paytirami people were the inhabitants of tukana; the Paytirami were one of the conglomerate of Oyster Bay tribes. The peninsula sits in Oyster Bay territory.

The only word recorded for Crayfish Point. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Little Sandy Bay Point and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Wurati travelled with Robinson as a guide from 1829 onwards and told him many words of language, including place names.

A word from the northern language spoken by the tribe of the Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills areas. Told to Robinson when he stayed two days in early April 1832 at the river with Namplut and Prupilathina, both of that tribe. tulaminakali shares characteristics with the name of the important nearby ochre site - tulampanga - and with other northern language names for places in that area.

A word from the northern language spoken by the tribe of the Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills areas. Told to Robinson by both Namplut and Prupilathina of that tribe, who were among Aborigines who accompanied him in July 1834 to this important ochre site on the Gog Range and the Mersey River. tulampanga shares characteristics with the name of that river -tulaminakali- and with other northern language names for places in that area.

Told to Robinson in 1832 as he travelled through this NW area with 16 Aboriginal guides, including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island, the local language of this area. Recorded in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary; and also with the names of eight other places along this route in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal.

Robinson gives detailed descriptions of this lagoon 15 miles north of Sandy Cape, near a long sandy beach with many rocky points and small sandy beaches; opposite the lagoon 'is clear open forest which communicates with a large extent of heathy country or plains extending further than the eye can reach in the direction of Circular Head to Mount Norfolk and to the northward of Mount Balfour. This is the native track.' These descriptions, from his June 1830 visit to the area and again in September 1833 when he recorded the name, makes it possible to identify the lagoon as Rebecca Lagoon. This is the only word recorded for the lagoon and its surrounds, including the creek and quarry.

Manalakina, chief of the Ringarooma/Cape Portland territory, told Robinson this word as they travelled in the area around Anderson Bay (between East Sandy Point and Croppies Point) in October 1830. Ninth Island was also known as Twenty Day Island.

One of four words recorded specifically for the Ben Lomond mountain and surrounding country. One of those words ('troune') is an eastern word for 'country' in general; and two others are recorded with a mix of other words from S, SW and E languages, and nothing to indicate the two words are from any Midlands or north languages. turapina was recorded three times by Robinson in 1830 from Ben Lomond tribespeople; and also by John Glover (who lived at Deddington under Ben Lomond in the 1830s) and Joseph Milligan in later decades at Wybalenna. It has the same '-pina' ending as many other place names in the Midlands area.

In the foothills of kunanyi/ Mt Wellington. No original name is known. Over 120 Aborigines attended discussions on possible names statewide in 2016 to choose this name (literally Mountain Waterfall.

Told to Robinson on 10 May 1832 when he and his group camped at the place with his group of Aboriginal guides including Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. On this day Robinson noted in his journal that he 'Obtained from the natives the names of the different places'. The name also appears with several others for places in its immediate vicinity in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal. Robinson noted that on this river's banks was 'a favourite spot where the natives get sticks to make their spears of. In this river there is plenty of crawfish'.

Told to Robinson first in July 1830 by Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island when camped for the night here, and again in December 1833 or January 1834 by Nulawulik, a woman of Mt Cameron West, both from the north-west language region in which Table Cape sits.

Of the two words recorded for this place, tuynti is recorded for Frenchman’s Cap alone. ‘toindy’ appears in Robinson’s 1833 journal on a loose sheet with other names of south western places – High Rocky Point, around Macquarie Harbour, Arthurs Hill. He was in the vicinity of all these places from April 1833, with tribespeople of the south western country around Macquarie Harbour, whom he had captured and to whom he attributed one of his records of this name. These people were kept in the gaol with the convicts at Macquarie Harbour. 13 of 52 of those south western people died there, including Leelinger, who told Robinson another of his records of this name.

The only word with an association to the river, recorded by Robinson four days after reaching the river on 19 January 1834. He was travelling with the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina who both spoke the northern language of bands living in the Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills areas.

The only word recorded for this area by Robinson who translated it as 'the country where I met the Oyster Bay people and Big River tribes'. The last group of the Big River and Oyster Bay people were captured by Robinson on 31 December 1831 somewhere west of Great Lake on the Central Plateau, in the 'thickly wooded and scrubby' terrain around today's Laughing Jack Lagoon. They numbered sixteen men, nine women and one child, led by Big River chief Muntipiliyata and Oyster Bay chief Tukalunginta.

Manalakina renowned chief of the tribes at Ringarooma on the western side of Cape Portland told this name to Robinson on 8 October 1835, Robinson wrote: ‘When we were off Swan Island Mannalargenna the chief gave evident signs of strong emotion. Here opposite to this island was his country; Swan Island was the place I brought him to [in November 1831] when I removed him from his country...Swan Island is called Walekomekunner’. This corresponds to two earlier versions of the name told to Robinson in 1830 when in the north east. Another version of the name was also told to Robinson by Tanalipunya from Little Swanport in the east; she was wife to Manalakina.

Told to Robinson on 15 July 1834 as he and his group walked ’..along the north side of the river on its banks by the native path..’ and ’..Came to that part of the river where the Moleside Creek, or as it is called by the natives wy.lat.ter, connects itself with the Mersey River.’. Among the Aborigines accompanying Robinson on this expedition to capture the last of the western tribespeople were the woman Namplut and the man Prupilathina both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell.

The only word recorded for this high rocky point between Crayfish Point and Little Sandy Bay. Wurati, a man from the Nununi people of Bruny Island of the south east language group, told Robinson this name together with the names of Hobart, Little Sandy Bay Point and other southern places on 16 January 1831. Wurati travelled with Robinson as a guide from 1829 onwards and told him many words of language, including place names.

Told to Robinson during May 1832, when he spent three weeks at the Van Diemen's Land Company settlement at Circular Head, staying the first night in the house of its chief agent Edward Curr. Among the Aboriginal guides with him was Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/ Robbins Island/Circular Head, the language of this area. The only word recorded for 'the name of the spot at Highfield where Mr. Curr's house is'. Highfield House is about 2 km from Highfield Point. The name appears with others in the same area in Robinson's 1832 Vocabulary and also in the backpages of his February to July 1832 journal. The town's name changed from Circular Head to Stanley in 1842.

The only name for this place, and told to Robinson when travelling in the area in June and July 1832, together with names for other places such as miprun.

Told to Robinson in 1831 by the women Rramanaluna from Cape Portland in the north east, and Tanalipunya from Little Swanport in the east. Both had lived with sealers for long periods, knew the islands and also gave words for other islands. Rramanaluna had lived on Preservation Island with the sealer Munro since her abduction as a child from her tribe on the western side of Cape Portland (in line of sight of the island). She knew the island by this name.

Recorded by Robinson for the country around Ellinthorpe Hall + Ellinthorpe Plains, west of Ross. Ellinthorpe was a huge farm of over 44, 000 acres sixteen kilometres west of Ross in the Central Midlands and near to the Isis River. Robinson passed near to it in late 1833 - early January 1834 with Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from one of the Campbell Town/Ross area tribes among his guides. This word also appears in muwanawipina - country at and around the property 'Somercotes', south of Ross Bridge.

A Port Davey language word told to Robinson in March 1830; the island is located in the Port Davey language region. Robinson walked north from Port Davey up the southwest coast in search of the Port Davey people and passed this 'small island' on 23 March; he 'saw a large catamaran about ten feet long by which they cross over to it. They seldom attempt to do so in a rough sea but generally wait for a calm..'.

The only word recorded for the Nile River, told to Robinson as he and his group, including his guide Karnebutcher/Karnebunger from a neighbouring Campbell Town/Ross tribe travelled through the area in January 1834. Robinson was on his way to visit the artist John Glover at 'Patterdale' under Ben Lomond. The word appears with others for places in this area on pages between his journal entries for 14 and 15 January 1834.

Travelling in the north east in November 1830, Robinson was told by one of his Aboriginal companions that wukalina was one of two names of 'Peak hill or Mount Deception' - a peaked or breast-shaped hill at Cape Portland in the territory of the NE people; now known as Mt William. Aborigines with Robinson included Manalakina (chief of Ringarooma/Cape Portland) and other chiefs of Pipers River and Ben Lomond tribes. All three were speakers of the NE language. wukalina is also a north eastern word for 'breast'. It is a characteristic of Aboriginal languages to use words for parts of the body for geographical features. The other name Robinson was told for Mt William is a version of a word for 'the country at Cape Portland'; Mt William is within the country at Cape Portland.

Of three words Robinson recorded for this island, one he also translated for the people of the island, and a second is also the the name of a man. wukaluwikiwayna is translated only as the island itself; it appears in his 1830-1831 Vocabulary. In January 1831 Robinson walked down the east coast with guides Tikati and Kikatapula, both from Little Swanport, and from bands of the Oyster Bay tribe, in whose country the island sits; at that time they told him the names of several places in the area including trayapuna, opposite wukaluwikiwayna on the coast.

The name was told to Robinson within the country connected to Waterhouse Island as he and his group of Aboriginal guides travelled throughout the north east in 1830-31. Names of Swan Island, Little Musselroe, Pipers and Boobyalla Rivers all appear on the same manuscript page. The name of the woman Wukinina from Waterhouse Point country, which was told to Robinson and his son on four occasions in 1831, 1832 and 1836, is a longer version of the name of the island, which sat within her country.

The only word recorded for the Surrey Hills, and told to Robinson when he camped at Burleigh in the Surrey Hills south of St. Valentines Peak on 24 January 1834. Among his guides were Namplut and Prupilathina, both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell. Both spoke the language of those areas. Robinson wrote the name on a back page of his journal for that period, underneath ‘ko.kon.nen.gar’ (kukuninka in palawa kani), the only name recorded for the Leven River, which ran through Burleigh. Burleigh (also Burghley) was a small VDL Company work settlement established in 1828 and a base point for many of Henry Hellyer's surveying journeys through the NW in 1828. Prupilathina knew this area well, and on that same day told Robinson how his tribe had once robbed the VDL hut at Burleigh with the woman warrior Walya.

The only word recorded for New Norfolk. Told to Robinson who wrote it in his journal entry for 16 January 1831 while he and his Aboriginal guides were on the south eastern coast between the Prosser River and Pittwater. Among his guides were Wurati, Trukanini and Pakali, all from Bruny Island. They knew or understood the languages of the southern areas and told many words to Robinson. Robinson wrote the name again in his Vocabulary 1830-1831 where the name appears on the same page as one of the records of Nipaluna, the name of the country at Hobart, and information about the Muwinina tribe of Nipaluna; both of those names were told to him by Wurati.

The only word recorded for the mountain. Robinson wrote the name in his journal on 29 June 1834 within sight of the mountain and in the presence of Aboriginal speakers of the area, Namplut and Prupilathina. Both spoke the northern language of bands living in the Emu Bay, Port Sorell, Mersey River, Mole Creek and Surrey Hills areas. Two days earlier Namplut told Robinson ‘she had come round from the Larmairre country and lakes by the cradle Mountain to Surrey Hills’. Charles Robinson also made two later records of the name in his 1837 ‘Port Sorell aboriginal vocabulary’.

Robinson's sketch map of 15 June 1832 and information in his journal entry for that day of travelling south from Studland Bay enable the identification of this location as Dodgers Point. The word has the same ending as laramuwayntram, the name of an (as yet unidentified) waterfall at the northern end of Studland Bay, indicating both words are from the same language local to the area. Aboriginal guides with Robinson included Tanaminawayt from Cape Grim/Robbins Island and Nulawulik of Mt Cameron West, both of whom told Robinson many place names in the NW/W.

A Mt Cameron West word told to Robinson when camping near this 'sandy beach between Mt Cameron and Cape Grim' in June 1832 with 16 Aboriginal people including Nulawulik of Mt Cameron West. Site visits in June 2018 confirmed the only long sandy beach between Preminghana (Mount Cameron West) and Cape Grim is 'Mount Cameron Beach', between Mount Cameron and Maxies Point. It was previously called Two Mile Sand.

The name of the Forth River told to Robinson when while he and his group of Aboriginal guides were at the river on 13 and 14 April 1832. Among his guides were Namplut and Prupilathina, both northern language speakers and both from northern tribes which ranged inland from around St. Valentine’s Peak through the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills, down to the coast around Round Hill near Burnie, westwards past Emu Bay and eastwards to Port Sorell. wuwinilili is from a northern language, spoken in the country through which the river runs. Namplut told Robinson many words including place names; a version of her name -‘Numberloetinnare’ follows this word in the endpages of Robinson’s journal. The last part of wuwinilili is a northern word for ‘water’, told to Robinson by Prupilathina.

The only word recorded for the Great Lake. Makaminirina from one of the tribes originally in the Great Lake area told the word to Robinson in 1837. His tribe had been displaced soon after European settlement, and the survivors then joined with other bands of the Big River tribe.